In black ink, science physics stance as of 2024. In blue ink: Gravimotion comments
What is Time Dilation?
According to Einstein's Special Relativity, the time duration provided by a clock is longer when the clock is moving than when at rest. An effect labelled time dilation.
Two atomic clocks, that provided precisely the same reading when kept side by side for weeks, were selected to run the experiment; one was sent flying in a jet around the globe; when it landed it provided a different time than the clock kept on the ground, a time differential precisely coinciding with Einstein's prediction.
EQUATION 1 at right, is Einstein mathematical formulation that is providing the coinciding time dilation.
The terms Tmoving and Tat rest are the times measured within the plane and on the ground while the plane is flying over a specific distance.
The letter v, in v2, is the relative speed of the plane with respect to the reference on the ground; and C is the speed of light.
Because the plane speed v is always slower than light speed C, this EQUATION 1 always provides a time duration T moving longer than T at rest.
Time dilation example
Should a jet speed be a third of light speed, which has never been performed so far, EQUATION 1 provides a time T moving to be T at rest / 0.9 longer than the corresponding time T at rest: While 60 minutes are going by at rest on Earth, 66.6 minutes instead are going by aboard the plane. Such surprising results were confirmed at lower speeds with very precise atomic clocks.
Time
. . . and . . . clocks
Earth's daily spinning motion is at the origin of our human concept of time. Yet besides that specific daily motion and time, a third thing comes into play:
At the origin is the daily revolution of Earth.
That is a day interpreted as a 24 hours' time duration.
And, simulating both above, are a clock internal motion mechanism and its display in hours, minutes and seconds.
In this Gravimotion interpretation of Nature, that 3rd item, the clock's internal motion mechanism, referred below as the clock's internal motion, is occurring as oscillations of a pendulum in conventional clocks and vibrations of quartz and of the cesium atom in quartz and atomic clocks respectively.(See Note 1).
Whether the clock is moving or at rest, its internal motion is occurring.
Note that to this day motion is left aside in science physics; particles, particle forces, space-time and fields are the main ingredients.
Here, along Newton's very motion law No 1, motion is considered to be a real entity: An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in constant linear motion will continue in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by external force.
Not occurring when at rest that is being absent at rest, motion occurrence by contrast when occurring is an entity as real as an object.
In everyday life as in science, the clock's internal motions are ignored; time durations in hours, minutes and seconds instead are displayed and in use..
Getting back to the experiment; two clocks with identical internal motions(displaying identical times) were selected. One remained on the tarmac, the other was loaded in a plane.
↪ In the first step the plane took-off and accelerated.
↪ In a second step the plane flew at a constant motion(at constant speed) around the globe.
As predicted by Einstein's special theory of relativity, it turned out that all along the constant speed flight, the on-board clock internal motion ran at a constant yet at a slower rate (interpreted as a time dilation), than the rate of the reference clock on the ground.
Because the clock internal motion mechanism ran at a slower and constant rate while flying, its slowing occurred during the acceleration that preceded it; and that fits Einstein General Theory of Relativity, which asserts that either higher gravity or acceleration dilate time.
Because speed is controlling the interaction in EQUATION 1, speed is science's answer to the question: what phenomenon is slowing time? Acceleration is denied any action in science's time dilation.
Here the question becomes: how is acceleration slowing the internal motion of the clock?
Such a phenomenon is felt by our own human body when taking off in a plane; suppose that instead of being seated at take-off you are walking in the aisle in the direction of take off; the plane acceleration will slow your walking just as it does the internal motion of a clock.
All in all the acceleration modified the clock internal motion mechanism.
And by the way, in this interpretation, acceleration, which is motion added to motion, belongs to the motion category and is called as such: acceleration is motion.
↪ Finally while decelerating and landing back, the clock internal motion accelerated back to the rate of the reference clock on the ground.
Motion is more sophisticated than plain relative speed. Motion involves interacting kinetic energies; relative speed does not; in science the plane relative speed with respect to Earth is also the relative speed of Earth with respect to the plane; in the first case where-as the jet engine accelerated the jet, which energy in the second case provided the total mass of Earth to move at speed v? or how did the mass of Earth get the kinetic energy to reach speed v?
Considering the physical motions, rather than the relative speeds, the Earth goes on performing its own daily spinning and yearly circling around the sun independently of the flying plane (See Note 2).
Earth's motion is definitely not relative to the flying clock's internal motion mechanism, as asserted in science's use of relative speed and time.
Science exclusive use of speed, ignoring or voluntarily abnegating the effect of the acceleration that occurred to reach that speed, has to be mentioned as done here in gravimotion interpretation.
Gravimotion's mathematics
A full spinning day of Earth, has been arbitrarily broken down in 24 so-called hours; and an hour has been arbitrarily divided in 60 minutes and a minute in 60 seconds.
The pendulum of the old mechanical clocks are designed to make 86,400 oscillations per day; each oscillation that is heard as a tick is interpreted as a second; and 65,536 vibrations during each of these mechanical ticks are occurring in a Quartz clock, while 18,385,263,540 vibrations of cesium atoms are in atomic clocks; the faster those vibrations, the greater the accuracy of the motion displayed through an unfolding presentation.
In above EQUATION 1, the Tat rest has a value that is reflecting the number of vibrations(called a time duration) that occurred within the clock on the ground; and Tmoving is corresponding to the number of vibrations within the clock on the move. Einstein EQUATION 1 becomes EQUATION 1A in which:
#Vibat rest stands for: Number of Vibrations recorded while at rest
and #Vibmoving stands for: Number of Vibrations recorded while on the move
The letter v being the expression of a motion rather than a speed.
Science physics and everyday life
The time provided by clocks is so convenient that its use is indispensable; besides, time dilations in our day to day lives are insignificant.
Let's face it, the time provided by clocks is so embedded in our mental activity that this time non existence is difficult to accept. Time's convenience is very likely an important factor in making us believe time is occuring in reality.
Nevertheless science physics' use of time while ignoring the clock's internal motion mechanism needed to be mentioned.
Conclusion
In gravimotion interpretation of Nature, the word time is in use, just as it is in science physics; yet with the specificity that space/time is replaced by volumes occurring as motion in the sense of energy on the move. In contrast, and in spite of Newton's famous motion laws and Einstein's motion relativity, motion is not part of reality in science.
The concept of motion has the advantage of uniting the two words space and time in one word, a feast not reached by Einstein who in the first place came up with the concept of uniting space with time.
Note 1: Atom vibration is motion, see: https://www.nist.gov Note 2 a: On takeoff the plane provides a tiny kick back to the Earth that is inconsequential in view of the Plane to Earth relative mass. Note 2 b: The General theory of Relativity indicates that gravity provides time dilation; that effect has not been taken into account in this page.
EQUATION 1 at right, is Einstein mathematical formulation that is providing the coinciding time dilation.